Flow cytometry makes use of reflected laser light to analyze and classify biological cells.The laser light strikes the cell, is reflected, and sensed by a photomultiplier tube, resulting in a 1-D signature profile of the cell. We developed a digital signal processing system that augments the commercial, analog flow cytometer. The 1-D analog signal is digitized, and waveform features are digitallycomputed.

A prototype of a second-generation digital data acquisition system (DDAPS-2), a mixed-signal design operating at 40 MHz, was built to interface to a commercial flow cytometer. The DDAPS-2 intercepts the analog signal from the photomultiplier tube and preamp, performs analog-to-digital conversion, extracts various features and then feeds these extracted features into one of the several pattern classification algorithms. The novelty of the DDAPS-2 is the use of dual-buffering FIFO memories to acquire digital samples of the pulse voltage signal.

Through experimental results using a variety of cell types, we demonstrated that the digital system provides improved performance compared to the analog system since a much richer set of features can be used to discriminate cell populations. Experimental results also demonstrated the improvement in the pulse capture performance of DDAPS-2 over DDAPS-1, which used a single-buffering FIFO memory.

Publications:

1. Shiva Murthi, Sundararajan Sankaranarayanan, Bo Xia, Georgina M. Lambert, Jeffrey J. Rodriguez, and David W. Galbraith, "Performance Analysis of a Dual-Buffer Architecture for Digital Flow Cytometry," Cytometry, Part A, vol. 66A, no. 2, Aug. 2005, pp. 109-118. [ PDF ]
   
   
2. Shiva Murthi, Sundararajan Sankaranarayanan, Bo Xia, Jeffrey J. Rodriguez, and David W. Galbraith, "An Improved Data Acquisition System for Digital Flow Cytometry," in Proc. 2002 IEEE Intl. Symp. on Circuits and Systems, Scottsdale, AZ, May 26-29, 2002, vol. 1, pp. 669-672. [ PDF ]
   
   
3. Jeffrey J. Rodriguez, David W. Galbraith, Bo Xia, Kusnadi, Timothy A. Yopp, Shiva Murthi, and Sundararajan Sankaranarayanan, "Digital Data Acquisition System for Flow Cytometric Analysis," in Cytometry (abstract). Presented at the XX Intl. Congress of the Intl. Society for Analytical Cytology (ISAC), May 20-25, 2000, Montpellier, France.